# संख्यात्मक अवकलज कैलकुलेटर

> The first or second derivative of any function f(x) at a point, to about 20 significant digits by Richardson extrapolation, with the tangent line drawn.

इंटरैक्टिव संस्करण: https://www.calcopenly.com/hi/math/derivative-calculator
विषय: गणित कैलकुलेटर

The derivative f′(x₀) is the slope of f at x₀, the limit of the central difference quotient [f(x₀ + h) − f(x₀ − h)]/2h as h shrinks to 0. The calculator evaluates that quotient for h = 0.1 × max(1, |x₀|) and repeated halvings, then combines the results by Richardson extrapolation (Ridders' method, Numerical Recipes §5.7), which cancels the h², h⁴, … error terms one at a time and reaches about 20 significant digits. The second derivative uses [f(x₀ + h) − 2f(x₀) + f(x₀ − h)]/h² the same way.

Use it to check a derivative worked out by hand, to find a rate of change where no formula is convenient, or to get a tangent line. The default, x² sin x at x = 1, has derivative 2 sin 1 + cos 1 ≈ 2.2232443 and tangent line y = 2.223244x − 1.381773.

Trig functions use radians. When the slopes from the left and right disagree, f has a corner there and the calculator reports that instead of a number.

## इनपुट

- **Function f(x)**: Use x as the variable, e.g. x^3 - 2x, exp(x), ln(x). Trig functions use radians here.
- **At x =**
- **अवकलज** (विकल्प: First f′(x), Second f″(x))
- **Chart half-width**: The chart shows x₀ ± this much

## नतीजे

- अवकलज — मुख्य परिणाम
- f(x₀)
- Tangent line
- Estimated error

## सूत्र

$$
\begin{gathered} f'(x) = \lim_{h \to 0}\frac{f(x+h) - f(x-h)}{2h} \\[10pt] f''(x) = \lim_{h \to 0}\frac{\delta^2 f}{h^2} \\[4pt] \delta^2 f = f(x+h) - 2f(x) + f(x-h) \end{gathered}
$$

## हल किए गए उदाहरण

### d/dx x³ at x = 2

- Function f(x): x^3
- At x =: 2
- अवकलज: First f′(x)
- **अवकलज: 12**
- **f(x₀): 8**
- **Tangent line: y = 12x − 16**
- जाँच का स्रोत: 3x² = 12 at x = 2; tangent 8 + 12(x − 2)

### d/dx sin x at 0 (radians)

- Function f(x): sin(x)
- At x =: 0
- अवकलज: First f′(x)
- **अवकलज: 1**
- जाँच का स्रोत: cos 0 = 1

### d/dx x²·sin x at 1

- Function f(x): x^2 * sin(x)
- At x =: 1
- अवकलज: First f′(x)
- **अवकलज: 2.223244275484**
- जाँच का स्रोत: 2 sin 1 + cos 1 with sin/cos by Taylor series in Python decimal at 70 digits (hp.py)

### d/dx eˣ at 1

- Function f(x): exp(x)
- At x =: 1
- अवकलज: First f′(x)
- **अवकलज: 2.718281828459**
- जाँच का स्रोत: e (Python Decimal(1).exp())

### Second derivative of ln x at 2

- Function f(x): ln(x)
- At x =: 2
- अवकलज: Second f″(x)
- **अवकलज: -0.25**
- जाँच का स्रोत: −1/x² = −1/4 at x = 2

### Flat point: d/dx (x − 1)³ at 1

- Function f(x): (x-1)^3
- At x =: 1
- अवकलज: First f′(x)
- **अवकलज: 0**
- **f(x₀): 0**
- जाँच का स्रोत: 3(x − 1)² = 0 at x = 1

## सवाल

### What is a derivative?

The derivative of f at x₀ is the slope of its graph there: the limit of [f(x₀ + h) − f(x₀)]/h as h approaches 0. For f(x) = x³ at x = 2 the slope is 3 × 2² = 12, so near x = 2 the function rises about 12 units for each unit of x. The line y = 12x − 16, which touches the curve at (2, 8), is the tangent there.

### How do you find a derivative numerically?

Evaluate a difference quotient with a small step h. The central quotient [f(x + h) − f(x − h)]/2h beats the one-sided [f(x + h) − f(x)]/h because its error shrinks like h² rather than h: for sin x at 0 with h = 0.1 it gives 0.998334 against the exact 1. A tiny h eventually fails through rounding error, so this calculator extrapolates from moderate steps instead.

### What does the second derivative tell you?

The second derivative f″(x) is the rate of change of the slope, so it measures curvature: positive where the graph bends upward, negative where it bends downward. For ln x, f″(x) = −1/x², so f″(2) = −0.25. Numerically it comes from [f(x + h) − 2f(x) + f(x − h)]/h². Where f″ changes sign the graph has an inflection point.

### How do you find the equation of a tangent line?

Use y = f(x₀) + f′(x₀)(x − x₀). For f(x) = x³ at x₀ = 2, f(2) = 8 and f′(2) = 12, so y = 8 + 12(x − 2) = 12x − 16. The tangent is also the best straight-line approximation to f near x₀: it estimates 2.1³ as 8 + 12 × 0.1 = 9.2, against the exact 9.261.

### Why does a function have no derivative at some points?

The slopes from the left and the right must agree. |x| at 0 has slope −1 from the left and +1 from the right, a corner, so it has no derivative there, even though the central quotient averages to 0. A jump, or a vertical tangent such as the cube root of x at 0, also rules one out. The calculator compares one-sided quotients and reports the corner.

### “संख्यात्मक अवकलज कैलकुलेटर” कितना सटीक है?

सटीकता आपके इनपुट और विधि की मान्यताओं पर निर्भर करती है। दशमलव गणना 50 सार्थक अंकों का उपयोग करती है, लेकिन अनुमान, संख्यात्मक विधियाँ और स्रोत डेटा कम सटीक हो सकते हैं। दिखाए गए मानों को पूर्णांकित करने से ये सीमाएँ दूर नहीं होतीं। स्वतंत्र स्रोतों के हल किए गए उदाहरणों से जाँच: 6। उदाहरण के लिए, “d/dx x³ at x = 2” की जाँच 3x² = 12 at x = 2; tangent 8 + 12(x − 2) से की गई है।

### इस विधि का स्रोत क्या है?

Press et al., Numerical Recipes (3rd ed.) §5.7 — numerical derivatives (Ridders' method); Wolfram MathWorld — Richardson Extrapolation.

## स्रोत

- Press et al., Numerical Recipes (3rd ed.) §5.7 — numerical derivatives (Ridders' method)
- [Wolfram MathWorld — Richardson Extrapolation](https://mathworld.wolfram.com/RichardsonExtrapolation.html)