# Матричный калькулятор

> Определитель, обратная матрица, ранг и приведённая ступенчатая форма матрицы до 6 × 6 с показом всех операций над строками, а также транспонирование, произведение и сумма в точных дробях.

Интерактивная версия: https://www.calcopenly.com/ru/math/matrix-calculator
Тема: Математические калькуляторы

The calculator works on matrices up to 6 × 6 in exact fractions. The inverse and the reduced row echelon form come from Gauss–Jordan elimination: [A | I] is row-reduced until the left half is the identity, and the right half is then A⁻¹. The determinant is the product of the pivots from forward elimination, negated once for each row swap; the rank is the number of pivots; and a product has entries (AB)ᵢⱼ = Σₖ aᵢₖbₖⱼ.

Linear algebra courses, 3D graphics transforms and systems of equations are the usual uses. The default matrix [2 1 1; 1 3 2; 1 0 0] has determinant −1, so it is invertible, and its inverse [0 0 1; −2 1 3; 3 −1 −5] has whole-number entries.

Type one row per line, with entries separated by spaces or commas; fractions such as 1/2 stay exact. A matrix with determinant 0 is singular: it has no inverse, and its rank is below its size.

## Входные данные

- **Calculate** (варианты: Determinant of A, Inverse of A, Rank of A, Reduced row echelon form of A, Transpose of A, A × B, A + B, A − B)
- **Matrix A**: One row per line (or rows separated by ;), entries separated by spaces or commas; fractions like 1/2 work
- **Matrix B**

## Результаты

- Результат — основной результат
- det A
- rank A
- trace A

## Формула

$$
\begin{gathered} A^{-1}:\ [A \mid I] \xrightarrow{\text{row operations}} [I \mid A^{-1}] \\[10pt] (AB)_{ij} = \sum_k a_{ik} b_{kj} \end{gathered}
$$

## Примеры с решением

### Inverse of the default 3 × 3

- Calculate: Inverse of A
- Matrix A: 2 1 1 / 1 3 2 / 1 0 0
- **Результат: [0, 0, 1; −2, 1, 3; 3, −1, −5]**
- **det A: -1**
- Источник проверки: Python fractions Gauss–Jordan on [A | I]; det by cofactor expansion = −1

### Inverse of [4 7; 2 6]

- Calculate: Inverse of A
- Matrix A: 4 7 / 2 6
- **Результат: [3/5, −7/10; −1/5, 2/5]**
- **det A: 10**
- Источник проверки: (1/(ad − bc))·[d −b; −c a] = (1/10)·[6 −7; −2 4]

### Determinant of the default 3 × 3

- Calculate: Determinant of A
- Matrix A: 2 1 1 / 1 3 2 / 1 0 0
- **Результат: −1**
- **det A: -1**
- **trace A: 5**
- Источник проверки: Cofactor expansion: 2·0 − 1·(0 − 2) + 1·(0 − 3) = −1

### Rank of a singular matrix (edge case)

- Calculate: Rank of A
- Matrix A: 1 2 3 / 2 4 6 / 1 1 1
- **Результат: 2**
- **rank A: 2**
- **det A: 0**
- Источник проверки: Row 2 = 2 × row 1; Python fractions RREF has 2 pivots

### [1 2; 3 4] × [5 6; 7 8]

- Calculate: A × B
- Matrix A: 1 2 / 3 4
- Matrix B: 5 6 / 7 8
- **Результат: [19, 22; 43, 50]**
- Источник проверки: Row-by-column products by hand (e.g. 1·5 + 2·7 = 19)

### RREF of the Wikipedia augmented matrix

- Calculate: Reduced row echelon form of A
- Matrix A: 1 2 -1 -4 / 2 3 -1 -11 / -2 0 -3 22
- **Результат: [1, 0, 0, −8; 0, 1, 0, 1; 0, 0, 1, −2]**
- **rank A: 3**
- Источник проверки: Wikipedia “Gaussian elimination” (row reduction example); Python fractions RREF

## Вопросы

### How do you find the inverse of a matrix?

Write A next to the identity matrix, [A | I], and apply row operations until the left half becomes I; the right half is then A⁻¹. A 2 × 2 matrix [a b; c d] has a shortcut: A⁻¹ = (1/(ad − bc)) × [d −b; −c a]. For [4 7; 2 6], ad − bc = 24 − 14 = 10, so A⁻¹ = [3/5 −7/10; −1/5 2/5].

### How do you calculate the determinant of a 3 × 3 matrix?

Expand along a row or column, multiplying each entry by the determinant of its 2 × 2 minor with alternating signs. For [2 1 1; 1 3 2; 1 0 0], the bottom row is quickest because two of its entries are 0: det = 1 × (1 × 2 − 1 × 3) = −1. For larger matrices row reduction reaches the same answer with far fewer operations.

### When does a matrix have no inverse?

When its determinant is 0, which happens exactly when one row or column is a combination of the others. In [1 2 3; 2 4 6; 1 1 1], row 2 is twice row 1, so the rank is 2 rather than 3 and the determinant is 0. Such a matrix is called singular, and a system Ax = b built on it has either no solution or infinitely many.

### How do you multiply two matrices?

Each entry of AB is a row of A times a column of B, summed: (AB)ᵢⱼ = Σₖ aᵢₖbₖⱼ. For [1 2; 3 4] × [5 6; 7 8] the top-left entry is 1 × 5 + 2 × 7 = 19, and the product is [19 22; 43 50]. A needs as many columns as B has rows, and order matters: here BA = [23 34; 31 46].

### What is reduced row echelon form?

A matrix is in reduced row echelon form (RREF) when each non-zero row starts with a 1, that leading 1 is the only non-zero entry in its column, the leading 1s step right going down, and zero rows sit at the bottom. Every matrix has exactly one RREF, and its number of leading 1s is the rank. For an augmented matrix it reads off the solution: [1 0 0 −8; 0 1 0 1; 0 0 1 −2] means x = −8, y = 1, z = −2.

### Насколько точен «Матричный калькулятор»?

Точность зависит от введённых данных и допущений метода. Десятичная арифметика использует 50 значащих цифр, но оценки, численные методы и исходные данные могут быть менее точными; округление на экране не устраняет эти ограничения. Решённые примеры, проверенные по независимым источникам: 8. Например, «Inverse of the default 3 × 3» проверяется по источнику Python fractions Gauss–Jordan on [A | I]; det by cofactor expansion = −1.

### Откуда взята методика?

Wikipedia — Gaussian elimination (row reduction and the RREF example); Wolfram MathWorld — Matrix Inverse; G. Strang, Introduction to Linear Algebra (5th ed.), chapters 2–3.

## Источники

- [Wikipedia — Gaussian elimination (row reduction and the RREF example)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_elimination)
- [Wolfram MathWorld — Matrix Inverse](https://mathworld.wolfram.com/MatrixInverse.html)
- G. Strang, Introduction to Linear Algebra (5th ed.), chapters 2–3