# Máy tính tỉ số và tỉ lệ

> Simplify a ratio, solve a proportion a : b = c : x for the missing term, scale a ratio to a target, or split an amount in a given ratio, exactly.

Phiên bản tương tác: https://www.calcopenly.com/vi/math/ratio-calculator
Chủ đề: Máy tính toán học

A ratio compares quantities by division, so 12 : 18 and 2 : 3 describe the same proportion. Simplifying divides every term by their greatest common divisor, after multiplying through by the least common multiple of any denominators so that decimal and fraction terms become whole numbers. A proportion a : b = c : d holds exactly when a × d = b × c, which is how cross-multiplication finds a missing term; splitting an amount divides it by the sum of the terms to get the size of one share.

Recipes, paint and concrete mixes, map scales and dividing money between partners are the usual uses. Split 1,000 in the ratio 2 : 3 : 5 and the 10 shares are worth 100 each, giving 200, 300 and 500; solve 3 : 4 = 9 : x and x = 4 × 9 ÷ 3 = 12.

Answers stay exact: shares that do not divide evenly appear as fractions such as 100/3 rather than rounded decimals. Terms must be zero or positive.

## Dữ liệu đầu vào

- **I want to** (lựa chọn: Simplify a ratio, Scale a ratio to a target, Find the missing term (a : b = c : d), Split an amount by a ratio)
- **Ratio**: Terms separated by colons; decimals and fractions are fine (1.5 : 2.5, 1/2 : 3/4)
- **Term to set**: Which term (1 = first) should become the target
- **Target value for that term**
- **a**: Type x in the one term you want to find
- **b**
- **c**
- **d**
- **Amount to split**
- **Ratio**

## Kết quả

- Kết quả — kết quả chính
- Missing term
- Scale factor
- First term ÷ second term

## Công thức

$$
\begin{gathered} \frac{a}{b} = \frac{c}{d} \iff a d = b c \\[10pt] \text{share}_i = T \cdot \frac{r_i}{\sum_j r_j} \end{gathered}
$$

## Ví dụ có lời giải

### Simplify 12 : 18

- I want to: Simplify a ratio
- Ratio: 12 : 18
- **Kết quả: 2 : 3**
- **Scale factor: 6**
- **First term ÷ second term: 0.666667**
- Nguồn đối chiếu: gcd(12, 18) = 6 (Python math.gcd)

### Decimal terms 1.5 : 2.5

- I want to: Simplify a ratio
- Ratio: 1.5 : 2.5
- **Kết quả: 3 : 5**
- **Scale factor: 0.5**
- Nguồn đối chiếu: ×10 → 15 : 25, gcd 5 (Python fractions)

### Fraction terms 1/2 : 3/4 : 5/6

- I want to: Simplify a ratio
- Ratio: 1/2 : 3/4 : 5/6
- **Kết quả: 6 : 9 : 10**
- Nguồn đối chiếu: LCD 12 → 6 : 9 : 10, gcd 1 (Python fractions)

### Scale 2 : 3 so the first term is 30

- I want to: Scale a ratio to a target
- Ratio: 2 : 3
- Target value for that term: 30
- **Kết quả: 30 : 45**
- **Scale factor: 15**
- Nguồn đối chiếu: 30 / 2 = 15; 3 × 15 = 45

### Solve 3 : 4 = 9 : x

- I want to: Find the missing term (a : b = c : d)
- a: 3
- b: 4
- c: 9
- d: x
- **Missing term: 12**
- **Kết quả: x = 12**
- Nguồn đối chiếu: Cross-multiplication: x = 4 × 9 / 3 = 12

### Missing first term x : 5 = 6 : 15

- I want to: Find the missing term (a : b = c : d)
- a: x
- b: 5
- c: 6
- d: 15
- **Missing term: 2**
- Nguồn đối chiếu: x = 5 × 6 / 15 = 2

## Câu hỏi

### How do you simplify a ratio?

Divide every term by the greatest common divisor of the terms. For 12 : 18 the GCD is 6, giving 2 : 3. Decimals and fractions are cleared first by multiplying every term by the same number: 1.5 : 2.5 × 2 = 3 : 5, and 1/2 : 3/4 : 5/6 × 12 = 6 : 9 : 10, which is already in simplest form because its GCD is 1.

### How do you solve a proportion for x?

Cross-multiply, then divide. In 3 : 4 = 9 : x the products of the diagonal terms are equal, so 3x = 4 × 9 = 36 and x = 12. The unknown can sit in any position: in x : 5 = 6 : 15, 15x = 5 × 6 = 30, so x = 2. If the term diagonally opposite x is 0, there is no single answer.

### How do you divide an amount in a ratio?

Add the ratio terms, divide the amount by that total to get one share, then multiply each term by the share. For 1,000 split 2 : 3 : 5 the terms add to 10, one share is 100, and the parts are 200, 300 and 500. The parts always add back to the amount; 100 split 1 : 2 gives 100/3 and 200/3, about 33.33 and 66.67.

### What is the difference between a ratio and a fraction?

A ratio compares parts with each other; a fraction compares a part with the whole. In a class of 12 girls and 18 boys the ratio of girls to boys is 12 : 18 = 2 : 3, but girls make up 12/30 = 2/5 of the class. A two-term ratio a : b becomes the fraction a/(a + b) of the whole.

### How do you scale a ratio up or down?

Multiply or divide every term by the same factor. To make the first term of 2 : 3 equal 30, the factor is 30 ÷ 2 = 15, so the scaled ratio is 30 : 45. Scaling a recipe works the same way: a 2 : 3 mix made 15 times larger needs 30 and 45 units of the two ingredients, and the proportions stay 40% and 60%.

### “Máy tính tỉ số và tỉ lệ” chính xác đến mức nào?

Độ chính xác phụ thuộc vào dữ liệu nhập và giả định của phương pháp. Phép tính thập phân dùng 50 chữ số có nghĩa, nhưng ước lượng, phương pháp số và dữ liệu nguồn có thể kém chính xác hơn; làm tròn khi hiển thị không loại bỏ các giới hạn đó. Ví dụ có lời giải đã đối chiếu với nguồn độc lập: 8. Ví dụ, “Simplify 12 : 18” được kiểm tra bằng gcd(12, 18) = 6 (Python math.gcd).

### Phương pháp này lấy từ đâu?

Khan Academy — Ratios, rates and proportions; Wolfram MathWorld — Proportional.

## Nguồn

- [Khan Academy — Ratios, rates and proportions](https://www.khanacademy.org/math/pre-algebra/pre-algebra-ratios-rates)
- [Wolfram MathWorld — Proportional](https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Proportional.html)