x³ − 6x² + 11x − 6
- Coefficients, highest power first
- 1, -6, 11, -6
- Roots
- 1, 2, 3
- Real roots (counted with multiplicity)
- 3
- Largest real root
- 3
- Smallest real root
- 1
Source de vérification : (x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3) expanded by hand
Calculateur de racines d’un polynôme
All real and complex roots of a polynomial up to degree 6, such as a cubic or quartic equation, with repeated roots found exactly and 30-digit accuracy.
Mis à jour Exemples vérifiés : 7
Roots
1, 2, 3
Roots: 1, 2, 3
- Real roots (counted with multiplicity)
- 3
- Largest real root
- 3
- Smallest real root
- 1
- Degree
- 3
This degree-3 polynomial has 3 real roots (counting multiplicity).
p(x) = x³ − 6x² + 11x − 6
Roots in the complex plane (dashed: unit circle)
Roots
| # | Real part | Imaginary part | Multiplicity | |p(root)| |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 3 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Comment le calcul est effectué S
Polynomial
Durand–Kerner iteration
Started from powers of 0.4 + 0.9i scaled by the Cauchy bound; 12 sweeps until every correction was below 10⁻³⁰ of the root, then Newton polishing.
Exact rational roots
Each was confirmed by substituting the fraction into p(x) and getting exactly 0.
Check with Vieta's formulas
À propos de Calculateur de racines d’un polynôme
A polynomial of degree n has exactly n roots among the complex numbers, counted with multiplicity; this is the fundamental theorem of algebra. The calculator first splits off repeated factors exactly with Yun's square-free algorithm, then finds all remaining roots at once with the Durand–Kerner (Weierstrass) iteration, which refines n guesses together until each correction is below 10⁻³⁰ of the root. Rational roots are confirmed by exact substitution.
Cubic and quartic equations from engineering, physics and algebra courses are typical inputs. The default, 1, −6, 11, −6, is x³ − 6x² + 11x − 6 = (x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3), so the roots are 1, 2 and 3; they sum to 6 and multiply to 6, as Vieta's formulas require.
Enter coefficients from the highest power down, with zeros for missing powers: x³ − 2 is 1, 0, 0, −2. Degrees 1 to 6 are accepted.
Exemples détaillés
x³ − 2 (one real, two complex)
- Coefficients, highest power first
- 1, 0, 0, -2
- Roots
- 1.25992105, −0.6299605249 ± 1.091123636i
- Real roots (counted with multiplicity)
- 1
- Largest real root
- 1.2599210499
Source de vérification : Python decimal: 2^(1/3) and 2^(1/3)·(−1/2 ± i√3/2)
x⁴ − 1
- Coefficients, highest power first
- 1, 0, 0, 0, -1
- Roots
- −1, 1, ±i
- Real roots (counted with multiplicity)
- 2
Source de vérification : Fourth roots of unity: ±1, ±i
Repeated root (x − 1)³(x + 2)
- Coefficients, highest power first
- 1, -1, -3, 5, -2
- Roots
- −2, 1 (×3)
- Real roots (counted with multiplicity)
- 4
- Smallest real root
- -2
Source de vérification : (x − 1)³(x + 2) = x⁴ − x³ − 3x² + 5x − 2 (expanded with Python fractions)
Questions
How many roots does a polynomial have?
Exactly as many as its degree, counted with multiplicity, once complex roots are included; this is the fundamental theorem of algebra. x⁴ − 1 has four roots: −1, 1, i and −i. The number of real roots can be smaller: x³ − 2 has one real root, ∛2 ≈ 1.259921, and two complex ones. A root of multiplicity 3, such as x = 1 in (x − 1)³(x + 2), counts three times.
How do you solve a cubic equation?
Look for a rational root first. By the rational root theorem, any rational root p/q of a polynomial with integer coefficients has p dividing the constant term and q dividing the leading coefficient. For x³ − 6x² + 11x − 6, trying divisors of 6 finds x = 1, and dividing by (x − 1) leaves x² − 5x + 6 = (x − 2)(x − 3). Without a rational root, Cardano's formula or a numerical method is needed.
Is there a formula for the roots of a quintic?
No general formula using radicals exists for degree 5 or higher. The Abel–Ruffini theorem, proved by Abel in 1824, shows this, and Galois theory explains which equations can be solved that way. x⁵ − x − 1 is a standard example whose roots cannot be written with radicals. Numerical methods still find them: its only real root is about 1.167304.
What are Vieta's formulas?
They link the roots to the coefficients. For aₙxⁿ + aₙ₋₁xⁿ⁻¹ + … + a₀, the roots add up to −aₙ₋₁/aₙ and multiply to (−1)ⁿa₀/aₙ. For x³ − 6x² + 11x − 6 the roots 1, 2 and 3 sum to 6 and multiply to 6, matching −(−6)/1 and (−1)³ × (−6)/1. The calculator uses both as a check on the roots it finds.
Why do complex roots come in conjugate pairs?
When every coefficient is real, conjugating the equation p(z) = 0 gives p(z̄) = 0, so the conjugate of a root is also a root. x³ − 2 therefore has the pair −0.629961 ± 1.091124i alongside its real root. It follows that a polynomial of odd degree with real coefficients always has at least one real root.
Quelle est la précision de « Calculateur de racines d’un polynôme » ?
La précision dépend de vos données et des hypothèses de la méthode. Le calcul décimal utilise 50 chiffres significatifs, mais les estimations, méthodes numériques et données sources peuvent être moins précises ; l’arrondi affiché ne supprime pas ces limites. Exemples résolus vérifiés à partir de sources indépendantes : 7. Par exemple, « x³ − 6x² + 11x − 6 » est vérifié à l’aide de (x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3) expanded by hand.
D’où vient cette méthode ?
Wolfram MathWorld — Durand-Kerner Method (Weierstrass iteration); D. Y. Y. Yun, On square-free decomposition algorithms, SYMSAC 1976.
À propos de ce calculateur
Sources
Vérifié avec les références
Ce calculateur comprend 7 exemples résolus dont les réponses proviennent de sources indépendantes. Ils font partie de la suite de tests et peuvent aussi être exécutés ici.
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