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Calcolatore di matrici

Determinante, inversa, rango e forma a scala ridotta di una matrice fino a 6 × 6 con ogni operazione sulle righe, più trasposta, prodotto e somma in frazioni esatte.

Aggiornato Esempi verificati: 8

One row per line (or rows separated by ;), entries separated by spaces or commas; fractions like 1/2 work
Prova
Risultato
[0, 0, 1; −2, 1, 3; 3, −1, −5]
Risultato: [0, 0, 1; −2, 1, 3; 3, −1, −5]
det A
−1
rank A
3
trace A
5

A is invertible (det A = −1); the inverse undoes A, so A × A⁻¹ is the identity matrix.

A⁻¹

001−2133−1−5
A⁻¹ Righe: 3
Col 1Col 2Col 3
001
−213
3−1−5
Come si calcola S

  1. Write [A | I]

    [211100132010100001]\left[\begin{array}{ccc|ccc}2 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 3 & 2 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1\end{array}\right]

  2. Column 1

    R1↔R2, R2←R2−2R1, R3←R3−R1  ⟶  [1320100−5−31−200−3−20−11]R_{1} \leftrightarrow R_{2},\ R_{2} \leftarrow R_{2} - 2R_{1},\ R_{3} \leftarrow R_{3} - R_{1} \;\longrightarrow\; \left[\begin{array}{ccc|ccc}1 & 3 & 2 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & -5 & -3 & 1 & -2 & 0 \\ 0 & -3 & -2 & 0 & -1 & 1\end{array}\right]

  3. Column 2

    R2←−15 R2, R1←R1−3R2, R3←R3+3R2  ⟶  [101535−1500135−1525000−15−35151]R_{2} \leftarrow -\frac{1}{5}\,R_{2},\ R_{1} \leftarrow R_{1} - 3R_{2},\ R_{3} \leftarrow R_{3} + 3R_{2} \;\longrightarrow\; \left[\begin{array}{ccc|ccc}1 & 0 & \frac{1}{5} & \frac{3}{5} & -\frac{1}{5} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & \frac{3}{5} & -\frac{1}{5} & \frac{2}{5} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & -\frac{1}{5} & -\frac{3}{5} & \frac{1}{5} & 1\end{array}\right]

  4. Column 3

    R3←−5 R3, R1←R1−15R3, R2←R2−35R3  ⟶  [100001010−2130013−1−5]R_{3} \leftarrow -5\,R_{3},\ R_{1} \leftarrow R_{1} - \frac{1}{5}R_{3},\ R_{2} \leftarrow R_{2} - \frac{3}{5}R_{3} \;\longrightarrow\; \left[\begin{array}{ccc|ccc}1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & -2 & 1 & 3 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 3 & -1 & -5\end{array}\right]

  5. The right half is the inverse

    A−1=[001−2133−1−5]A^{-1} = \left[\begin{array}{ccc}0 & 0 & 1 \\ -2 & 1 & 3 \\ 3 & -1 & -5\end{array}\right]

    Check: A × A⁻¹ = I.

Informazioni su Calcolatore di matrici

The calculator works on matrices up to 6 × 6 in exact fractions. The inverse and the reduced row echelon form come from Gauss–Jordan elimination: [A | I] is row-reduced until the left half is the identity, and the right half is then A⁻¹. The determinant is the product of the pivots from forward elimination, negated once for each row swap; the rank is the number of pivots; and a product has entries (AB)ᵢⱼ = Σₖ aᵢₖbₖⱼ.

Linear algebra courses, 3D graphics transforms and systems of equations are the usual uses. The default matrix [2 1 1; 1 3 2; 1 0 0] has determinant −1, so it is invertible, and its inverse [0 0 1; −2 1 3; 3 −1 −5] has whole-number entries.

Type one row per line, with entries separated by spaces or commas; fractions such as 1/2 stay exact. A matrix with determinant 0 is singular: it has no inverse, and its rank is below its size.

Esempi svolti

Inverse of the default 3 × 3

Calculate
Inverse of A
Matrix A
2 1 1 1 3 2 1 0 0
Risultato
[0, 0, 1; −2, 1, 3; 3, −1, −5]
det A
-1

Fonte di verifica: Python fractions Gauss–Jordan on [A | I]; det by cofactor expansion = −1

Inverse of [4 7; 2 6]

Calculate
Inverse of A
Matrix A
4 7 2 6
Risultato
[3/5, −7/10; −1/5, 2/5]
det A
10

Fonte di verifica: (1/(ad − bc))·[d −b; −c a] = (1/10)·[6 −7; −2 4]

Determinant of the default 3 × 3

Calculate
Determinant of A
Matrix A
2 1 1 1 3 2 1 0 0
Risultato
−1
det A
-1
trace A
5

Fonte di verifica: Cofactor expansion: 2·0 − 1·(0 − 2) + 1·(0 − 3) = −1

Rank of a singular matrix (edge case)

Calculate
Rank of A
Matrix A
1 2 3 2 4 6 1 1 1
Risultato
2
rank A
2
det A
0

Fonte di verifica: Row 2 = 2 × row 1; Python fractions RREF has 2 pivots

Domande

How do you find the inverse of a matrix?

Write A next to the identity matrix, [A | I], and apply row operations until the left half becomes I; the right half is then A⁻¹. A 2 × 2 matrix [a b; c d] has a shortcut: A⁻¹ = (1/(ad − bc)) × [d −b; −c a]. For [4 7; 2 6], ad − bc = 24 − 14 = 10, so A⁻¹ = [3/5 −7/10; −1/5 2/5].

How do you calculate the determinant of a 3 × 3 matrix?

Expand along a row or column, multiplying each entry by the determinant of its 2 × 2 minor with alternating signs. For [2 1 1; 1 3 2; 1 0 0], the bottom row is quickest because two of its entries are 0: det = 1 × (1 × 2 − 1 × 3) = −1. For larger matrices row reduction reaches the same answer with far fewer operations.

When does a matrix have no inverse?

When its determinant is 0, which happens exactly when one row or column is a combination of the others. In [1 2 3; 2 4 6; 1 1 1], row 2 is twice row 1, so the rank is 2 rather than 3 and the determinant is 0. Such a matrix is called singular, and a system Ax = b built on it has either no solution or infinitely many.

How do you multiply two matrices?

Each entry of AB is a row of A times a column of B, summed: (AB)ᵢⱼ = Σₖ aᵢₖbₖⱼ. For [1 2; 3 4] × [5 6; 7 8] the top-left entry is 1 × 5 + 2 × 7 = 19, and the product is [19 22; 43 50]. A needs as many columns as B has rows, and order matters: here BA = [23 34; 31 46].

What is reduced row echelon form?

A matrix is in reduced row echelon form (RREF) when each non-zero row starts with a 1, that leading 1 is the only non-zero entry in its column, the leading 1s step right going down, and zero rows sit at the bottom. Every matrix has exactly one RREF, and its number of leading 1s is the rank. For an augmented matrix it reads off the solution: [1 0 0 −8; 0 1 0 1; 0 0 1 −2] means x = −8, y = 1, z = −2.

Quanto è preciso «Calcolatore di matrici»?

La precisione dipende dai dati inseriti e dalle ipotesi del metodo. Il calcolo decimale usa 50 cifre significative, ma stime, metodi numerici e dati di origine possono essere meno precisi; l’arrotondamento visualizzato non elimina questi limiti. Esempi svolti verificati con fonti indipendenti: 8. Per esempio, «Inverse of the default 3 × 3» viene verificato con Python fractions Gauss–Jordan on [A | I]; det by cofactor expansion = −1.

Da dove proviene il metodo?

Wikipedia — Gaussian elimination (row reduction and the RREF example); Wolfram MathWorld — Matrix Inverse; G. Strang, Introduction to Linear Algebra (5th ed.), chapters 2–3.

Informazioni su questa calcolatrice

A−1: [A∣I]→row operations[I∣A−1](AB)ij=∑kaikbkj\begin{gathered} A^{-1}:\ [A \mid I] \xrightarrow{\text{row operations}} [I \mid A^{-1}] \\[10pt] (AB)_{ij} = \sum_k a_{ik} b_{kj} \end{gathered}

Fonti

  1. Wikipedia — Gaussian elimination (row reduction and the RREF example)
  2. Wolfram MathWorld — Matrix Inverse
  3. G. Strang, Introduction to Linear Algebra (5th ed.), chapters 2–3

Verificato con le fonti

Questa calcolatrice include 8 esempi svolti con risposte da fonti indipendenti. Fanno parte della suite di test e puoi eseguirli anche qui.

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