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Conversor de números romanos

Convert numbers to Roman numerals and Roman numerals to numbers, from 1 to 3,999 (3,999,999 with overlines), with the standard form of any numeral.

Atualizado Exemplos verificados: 8

1 to 3999; up to 3,999,999 with the overline option.
Mais opções
Experimentar
Resultado
MMXXVI
Resultado: MMXXVI
Valor
2,026

2,026 is MMXXVI: MM = 2,000, XX = 20, VI = 6.

MMXXVI by place value

MM2,000XX20VI6
Como é calculado S

  1. Split into place values

    2026=2000+20+62026 = 2000 + 20 + 6

  2. Write each place value

    2000→MM,20→XX,6→VI2000 \to \text{MM},\quad 20 \to \text{XX},\quad 6 \to \text{VI}

    4s and 9s use subtraction: IV, IX, XL, XC, CD, CM.

  3. Join the symbols

    2026=MMXXVI2026 = \text{MMXXVI}

Sobre Conversor de números romanos

Roman numerals write numbers with seven letters: I = 1, V = 5, X = 10, L = 50, C = 100, D = 500 and M = 1000. To convert a number, the converter splits it into thousands, hundreds, tens and ones and writes each place separately; a 4 or 9 puts a smaller letter before a larger one, so 40 is XL and 900 is CM. To read a numeral, it adds the letters from left to right and subtracts any letter that stands before a larger one.

The default, 2026, splits into 2000 + 20 + 6 and becomes MMXXVI. The usual uses are years on buildings and in film credits, clock faces, chapter numbers and outlines. Reading MCMXCIV gives 1000 + 900 + 90 + 4 = 1994.

Standard numerals stop at 3999 (MMMCMXCIX). With the overline option a bar multiplies letters by 1000, so V̅ = 5000, up to 3,999,999. Non-standard numerals such as IIII or IC are still read, and the standard spelling is shown next to the value.

Exemplos resolvidos

2421

Conversões
Number to Roman
Number
2421
Resultado
MMCDXXI
Valor
2,421

Fonte de verificação: Wikipedia — Roman numerals, standard-form examples (2421 = MMCDXXI); Python greedy conversion (forkA/verify_roman.py)

1776 (Statue of Liberty tablet)

Conversões
Number to Roman
Number
1776
Resultado
MDCCLXXVI

Fonte de verificação: Inscription JULY IV MDCCLXXVI on the Statue of Liberty's tablet; Python greedy conversion

3999, the largest standard numeral (edge)

Conversões
Number to Roman
Number
3999
Resultado
MMMCMXCIX

Fonte de verificação: Wikipedia — Roman numerals: MMMCMXCIX is the largest number in standard form; Excel ROMAN(3999)

XLII to a number

Conversões
Roman to number
Roman numeral
XLII
Resultado
42
Valor
42
Standard Roman form
XLII

Fonte de verificação: XL = 40, II = 2; Python parser (forkA/verify_roman.py)

Perguntas

What is 2026 in Roman numerals?

MMXXVI: MM = 2000, XX = 20 and VI = 6. Years are converted one place at a time, so 1999 is MCMXCIX (1000 + 900 + 90 + 9) rather than MIM, and 2000 is simply MM. The same rule gives MDCCLXXVI for 1776, the year inscribed on the tablet held by the Statue of Liberty.

What is the largest Roman numeral?

In standard form the largest number is 3999, written MMMCMXCIX, because there is no letter for 5000 and a letter repeats at most three times. Excel's ROMAN function returns #VALUE! above 3999 for the same reason. Larger numbers used an overline (vinculum) that multiplies by 1000: V̅ is 5000 and I̅V̅ is 4000, which takes this converter up to 3,999,999.

Is 4 written IV or IIII?

IV is the standard form; IIII is the additive form, and both mean 4. Standard form uses only six subtractive pairs: IV, IX, XL, XC, CD and CM. Many clock faces still show IIII for four o'clock while using IX for nine, a practice that goes back to clocks such as the late 14th-century Wells Cathedral clock. The converter reads IIII as 4 and gives IV as the standard spelling.

Why is 99 written XCIX and not IC?

Standard form lets a letter be subtracted only from the next two larger letters: I from V and X, X from L and C, and C from D and M. So 99 is 90 + 9 = XC + IX = XCIX, and 49 is XLIX rather than IL. Excel's ROMAN function breaks the rule only on request: its form 4 writes 499 as ID, while the default form gives CDXCIX.

Is there a Roman numeral for zero?

No. The Roman system had no symbol for zero, so the converter starts at 1. Medieval scholars wrote the Latin word nulla ("none") instead: Dionysius Exiguus used it in 525, and around 725 Bede or a colleague abbreviated it to the letter N.

Qual é a precisão de “Conversor de números romanos”?

A precisão depende dos dados inseridos e das hipóteses do método. O cálculo decimal usa 50 algarismos significativos, mas estimativas, métodos numéricos e dados de origem podem ter menor precisão; o arredondamento exibido não elimina essas limitações. Exemplos resolvidos verificados com fontes independentes: 8. Por exemplo, “2421” é verificado com Wikipedia — Roman numerals, standard-form examples (2421 = MMCDXXI); Python greedy conversion (forkA/verify_roman.py).

De onde vem o método?

Wikipedia — Roman numerals (standard form); Microsoft Excel ROMAN and ARABIC functions.

Sobre esta calculadora

I=1, V=5, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, M=1000a smaller symbol before a larger one is subtracted: IV=4, XC=90\begin{gathered}\text{I}=1,\ \text{V}=5,\ \text{X}=10,\ \text{L}=50,\ \text{C}=100,\ \text{D}=500,\ \text{M}=1000 \\ \text{a smaller symbol before a larger one is subtracted: IV} = 4,\ \text{XC} = 90\end{gathered}

Fontes

  1. Wikipedia — Roman numerals (standard form)
  2. Microsoft Excel ROMAN and ARABIC functions

Verificado com as referências

Esta calculadora inclui 8 exemplos resolvidos com respostas de fontes independentes. Eles fazem parte do conjunto de testes e você também pode executá-los aqui.

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