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Conversor de números romanos

Convert numbers to Roman numerals and Roman numerals to numbers, from 1 to 3,999 (3,999,999 with overlines), with the standard form of any numeral.

Actualizado Ejemplos verificados: 8

1 to 3999; up to 3,999,999 with the overline option.
Más opciones
Probar
Resultado
MMXXVI
Resultado: MMXXVI
Valor
2,026

2,026 is MMXXVI: MM = 2,000, XX = 20, VI = 6.

MMXXVI by place value

MM2,000XX20VI6
Cómo se calcula S

  1. Split into place values

    2026=2000+20+62026 = 2000 + 20 + 6

  2. Write each place value

    2000→MM,20→XX,6→VI2000 \to \text{MM},\quad 20 \to \text{XX},\quad 6 \to \text{VI}

    4s and 9s use subtraction: IV, IX, XL, XC, CD, CM.

  3. Join the symbols

    2026=MMXXVI2026 = \text{MMXXVI}

Acerca de Conversor de números romanos

Roman numerals write numbers with seven letters: I = 1, V = 5, X = 10, L = 50, C = 100, D = 500 and M = 1000. To convert a number, the converter splits it into thousands, hundreds, tens and ones and writes each place separately; a 4 or 9 puts a smaller letter before a larger one, so 40 is XL and 900 is CM. To read a numeral, it adds the letters from left to right and subtracts any letter that stands before a larger one.

The default, 2026, splits into 2000 + 20 + 6 and becomes MMXXVI. The usual uses are years on buildings and in film credits, clock faces, chapter numbers and outlines. Reading MCMXCIV gives 1000 + 900 + 90 + 4 = 1994.

Standard numerals stop at 3999 (MMMCMXCIX). With the overline option a bar multiplies letters by 1000, so V̅ = 5000, up to 3,999,999. Non-standard numerals such as IIII or IC are still read, and the standard spelling is shown next to the value.

Ejemplos resueltos

2421

Conversiones
Number to Roman
Number
2421
Resultado
MMCDXXI
Valor
2,421

Fuente de comprobación: Wikipedia — Roman numerals, standard-form examples (2421 = MMCDXXI); Python greedy conversion (forkA/verify_roman.py)

1776 (Statue of Liberty tablet)

Conversiones
Number to Roman
Number
1776
Resultado
MDCCLXXVI

Fuente de comprobación: Inscription JULY IV MDCCLXXVI on the Statue of Liberty's tablet; Python greedy conversion

3999, the largest standard numeral (edge)

Conversiones
Number to Roman
Number
3999
Resultado
MMMCMXCIX

Fuente de comprobación: Wikipedia — Roman numerals: MMMCMXCIX is the largest number in standard form; Excel ROMAN(3999)

XLII to a number

Conversiones
Roman to number
Roman numeral
XLII
Resultado
42
Valor
42
Standard Roman form
XLII

Fuente de comprobación: XL = 40, II = 2; Python parser (forkA/verify_roman.py)

Preguntas

What is 2026 in Roman numerals?

MMXXVI: MM = 2000, XX = 20 and VI = 6. Years are converted one place at a time, so 1999 is MCMXCIX (1000 + 900 + 90 + 9) rather than MIM, and 2000 is simply MM. The same rule gives MDCCLXXVI for 1776, the year inscribed on the tablet held by the Statue of Liberty.

What is the largest Roman numeral?

In standard form the largest number is 3999, written MMMCMXCIX, because there is no letter for 5000 and a letter repeats at most three times. Excel's ROMAN function returns #VALUE! above 3999 for the same reason. Larger numbers used an overline (vinculum) that multiplies by 1000: V̅ is 5000 and I̅V̅ is 4000, which takes this converter up to 3,999,999.

Is 4 written IV or IIII?

IV is the standard form; IIII is the additive form, and both mean 4. Standard form uses only six subtractive pairs: IV, IX, XL, XC, CD and CM. Many clock faces still show IIII for four o'clock while using IX for nine, a practice that goes back to clocks such as the late 14th-century Wells Cathedral clock. The converter reads IIII as 4 and gives IV as the standard spelling.

Why is 99 written XCIX and not IC?

Standard form lets a letter be subtracted only from the next two larger letters: I from V and X, X from L and C, and C from D and M. So 99 is 90 + 9 = XC + IX = XCIX, and 49 is XLIX rather than IL. Excel's ROMAN function breaks the rule only on request: its form 4 writes 499 as ID, while the default form gives CDXCIX.

Is there a Roman numeral for zero?

No. The Roman system had no symbol for zero, so the converter starts at 1. Medieval scholars wrote the Latin word nulla ("none") instead: Dionysius Exiguus used it in 525, and around 725 Bede or a colleague abbreviated it to the letter N.

¿Qué precisión tiene «Conversor de números romanos»?

La precisión depende de tus datos y de los supuestos del método. El cálculo decimal usa 50 cifras significativas, pero las estimaciones, los métodos numéricos y los datos de origen pueden ser menos precisos; el redondeo mostrado no elimina esos límites. Ejemplos resueltos comprobados con fuentes independientes: 8. Por ejemplo, «2421» se comprueba con Wikipedia — Roman numerals, standard-form examples (2421 = MMCDXXI); Python greedy conversion (forkA/verify_roman.py).

¿De dónde procede el método?

Wikipedia — Roman numerals (standard form); Microsoft Excel ROMAN and ARABIC functions.

Acerca de esta calculadora

I=1, V=5, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, M=1000a smaller symbol before a larger one is subtracted: IV=4, XC=90\begin{gathered}\text{I}=1,\ \text{V}=5,\ \text{X}=10,\ \text{L}=50,\ \text{C}=100,\ \text{D}=500,\ \text{M}=1000 \\ \text{a smaller symbol before a larger one is subtracted: IV} = 4,\ \text{XC} = 90\end{gathered}

Fuentes

  1. Wikipedia — Roman numerals (standard form)
  2. Microsoft Excel ROMAN and ARABIC functions

Verificado con las referencias

Esta calculadora incluye 8 ejemplos resueltos con respuestas de fuentes independientes. Forman parte del conjunto de pruebas y también puedes ejecutarlos aquí.

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