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Specific heat, latent heat and Carnot efficiency calculator

Heat energy from Q = mcΔT (solve for heat, mass, final temperature or specific heat), latent heat Q = mL for melting or boiling, and Carnot efficiency.

Atualizado Exemplos verificados: 10

Mais opções
Experimentar
Heat
J
Heat: 334,880 J
Algarismos significativos: 6; Ao mais próximo; empates afastando-se de zero
Specific heat capacity
4,186J/(kg·K)
Temperature change
80K
Heat
0.0930222kWh
Assumes c stays constant over the range and no melting or boiling happens in between.

Adding 334.88 kJ to 1 kg of material with c = 4,186 J/(kg·K) changes its temperature by 80 K, from 20 °C to 100 °C.

Temperature against heat added

02550751000100200300Heat added (kJ)Temperature (°C)100 °C
Como é calculado S

  1. Temperature change

    ΔT=T2−T1=100−(20)=80 K\Delta T = T_2 - T_1 = 100 - (20) = 80\ \mathrm{K}

    A change of 1 °C equals a change of 1 K.

  2. Heat

    Q=mcΔT=(1)(4,186)(100−20)=334,880 JQ = mc\Delta T = (1)(4{,}186)(100 - 20) = 334{,}880\ \mathrm{J}

Sobre Specific heat, latent heat and Carnot efficiency calculator

Warming or cooling a material takes heat Q = mcΔT, where m is the mass, c the specific heat capacity and ΔT the temperature change; the calculator solves for any one of heat, mass, final temperature or specific heat. Melting or boiling takes Q = mL at constant temperature, where L is the latent heat. The Carnot mode gives the upper limit on any heat engine's efficiency, 1 − Tc/Th with both temperatures in kelvin.

The default, 1 kg of water heated from 20 °C to 100 °C, needs 334,880 J (0.093 kWh), what a 2 kW kettle delivers in 2 minutes 47 seconds with no losses. Boiling that water away takes a further 2,256 kJ, almost seven times as much.

Specific heats are room-temperature values from OpenStax University Physics (Table 1.3). In reality c varies with temperature, and the calculation assumes no melting or boiling between the two temperatures.

Exemplos resolvidos

Heat 1 kg of water from 20 °C to 100 °C

Calculate
Temperature change
Solve for
Heat
Material
Water (liquid, 15 °C)
Massa
1 kg
Initial temperature
20 °C
Final temperature
100 °C
Heat
334,880 J
Heat
0.093022 kWh

Fonte de verificação: Python 3.8 fractions: 1 × 4186 × 80 = 334880 J (OpenStax c_water = 4186)

Cooling releases heat (negative Q)

Calculate
Temperature change
Solve for
Heat
Material
Water (liquid, 15 °C)
Massa
1 kg
Initial temperature
80 °C
Final temperature
20 °C
Heat
-251,160 J

Fonte de verificação: Python 3.8: 1 × 4186 × (20 − 80)

9 kJ into 500 g of aluminium at 20 °C

Calculate
Temperature change
Solve for
Final temperature
Material
Aluminium
Heat added (negative if removed)
9 kJ
Massa
500 g
Initial temperature
20 °C
Final temperature
40 °C
Temperature change
20 K

Fonte de verificação: Python 3.8 fractions: ΔT = 9000/(0.5 × 900) = 20 K

Identify a metal: 3870 J warms 1 kg by 10 K

Calculate
Temperature change
Solve for
Specific heat
Heat added (negative if removed)
3870 J
Massa
1 kg
Initial temperature
20 °C
Final temperature
30 °C
Specific heat capacity
387 J/(kg·K)

Fonte de verificação: Python 3.8: 3870/(1 × 10) = 387 J/(kg·K), copper in OpenStax Table 1.3

Perguntas

How much energy does it take to heat water?

4,186 J per kilogram per degree Celsius, water's specific heat capacity. Heating 1 litre (1 kg) from 20 °C to 100 °C takes 1 × 4,186 × 80 = 334,880 J, or 0.093 kWh. In US units that is about 1 BTU per pound per °F, which is how the BTU was originally defined.

What is specific heat capacity?

The heat needed to raise 1 kg of a substance by 1 K (the same as 1 °C), in J/(kg·K). Water's is 4,186, among the highest of common substances, while copper's is 387 and lead's 128. The same 10 kJ warms 1 kg of water by 2.4 °C but 1 kg of copper by 25.8 °C, which is why water is used for cooling and heat storage.

What is latent heat?

The energy absorbed or released during a phase change at constant temperature, Q = mL. For water the latent heat of fusion is 334 kJ/kg at 0 °C and of vaporisation 2,256 kJ/kg at 100 °C (OpenStax Table 1.4). Melting 2 kg of ice takes 668 kJ, enough to heat the same 2 kg of water by about 80 °C.

What is the Carnot efficiency?

η = 1 − Tc/Th, the largest fraction of heat that any engine can turn into work between a hot reservoir at Th and a cold one at Tc, both in kelvin. Between 500 K and 300 K it is 40%; between boiling and freezing water, 26.8%. Real engines fall short of it: coal-fired power stations typically convert about 37% of their fuel's heat into electricity.

What is the maximum COP of a heat pump?

COP = Th/(Th − Tc) with temperatures in kelvin, the Carnot limit on heat delivered per unit of work. Pumping heat from 0 °C outdoors into a 35 °C heating loop allows at most 308.15/35 ≈ 8.8. At −10 °C outside the limit drops to 6.8, and real machines stay well below it because of compressor and heat-exchanger losses.

Qual é a precisão de “Specific heat, latent heat and Carnot efficiency calculator”?

A precisão depende dos dados inseridos e das hipóteses do método. O cálculo decimal usa 50 algarismos significativos, mas estimativas, métodos numéricos e dados de origem podem ter menor precisão; o arredondamento exibido não elimina essas limitações. Exemplos resolvidos verificados com fontes independentes: 10. Por exemplo, “Heat 1 kg of water from 20 °C to 100 °C” é verificado com Python 3.8 fractions: 1 × 4186 × 80 = 334880 J (OpenStax c_water = 4186).

De onde vem o método?

OpenStax University Physics Volume 2, §1.5 Heat transfer, specific heat and calorimetry (Table 1.3); §1.6 Phase changes (Table 1.4); OpenStax University Physics Volume 2, §4.5 The Carnot cycle.

Sobre esta calculadora

Q=mcΔT,Q=mL,ηCarnot=1−TCTHQ = mc\Delta T,\qquad Q = mL,\qquad \eta_{\text{Carnot}} = 1 - \frac{T_C}{T_H}

Fontes

  1. OpenStax University Physics Volume 2, §1.5 Heat transfer, specific heat and calorimetry (Table 1.3); §1.6 Phase changes (Table 1.4)
  2. OpenStax University Physics Volume 2, §4.5 The Carnot cycle

Verificado com as referências

Esta calculadora inclui 10 exemplos resolvidos com respostas de fontes independentes. Eles fazem parte do conjunto de testes e você também pode executá-los aqui.

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